Research Library — Clinical Evidence Base

Fascial Science & Hyaluronan Biology 7 papers

The cellular and molecular basis of how fascia functions — and how it breaks down. These papers underpin the densification model and the rationale for Fascial Manipulation.

Pavan PG, Stecco A, Stern R, Stecco C (2014). Painful connections: densification versus fibrosis of fascia. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 18(8), 441. PubMed
Stecco C, Fede C, Macchi V et al. (2018). The fasciacytes: a new cell devoted to fascial gliding regulation. Clinical Anatomy, 31(5), 667–676. PubMed
Stecco C et al. (2019). Fascial entrapment neuropathy. Clinical Anatomy, 32(7), 883–890. PubMed
Stecco C, Stern R, Porzionato A et al. (2011). Hyaluronan within fascia in the etiology of myofascial pain. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 33(10), 891–896. PubMed
Pratt RL (2021). Hyaluronan and the fascial frontier. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(13), 6845. PubMed
Stecco A, Pirri C, Corradin M et al. (2022). Hyaluronan aggregation as a pathological mechanism across multiple organ systems. Bioengineering, 9(8), 338. PubMed
Fede C, Pirri C, Fan C et al. (2021). Cellular and molecular composition of the deep/muscular fasciae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1411. PubMed

Myofascial Force Transmission & Slings 10 papers

In-vivo and cadaveric evidence that fascia transmits force across joints and body regions — the anatomical basis of myofascial slings and why the site of pain is rarely the source.

Wilke J et al. (2018). Fascia is not just an epimysium — evidence for myofascial force transmission across the body. Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(1), 234–244. PubMed
Wilke J et al. (2020). Ankle motion provokes soft-tissue displacement in the dorsal thigh — in-vivo myofascial force transmission. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 668. PubMed
Marinho SMG et al. (2017). Myofascial force transmission in the lower limb — in-vivo experiment. Journal of Biomechanics, 50, 134–138. PubMed
van Wingerden JP, Vleeming A et al. (1993). The role of the biceps femoris in sacrotuberous ligament tension — deep longitudinal sling. European Spine Journal, 2(3), 140–144. PubMed
Carvalhais VOC et al. (2013). Myofascial force transmission between the latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus. Journal of Biomechanics, 46(5), 1003–1007. PubMed
Figueiredo Caldeira N, Schleip R, Ocarino JM et al. (2024). Posterior oblique sling force transmission in runners vs sedentary adults. Journal of Biomechanics, 176, 112320. PubMed
Aldabe D, Hammer N, Woodley SJ et al. (2019). Sacrotuberous ligament morphology and function — systematic review. Clinical Anatomy, 32(3), 396–407. PubMed
Kim M, Yang HM, Yeo IS (2023). Histomorphological study of the sacrotuberous ligament–biceps femoris continuum. Clinical Anatomy, 36(7), 1009–1016. PubMed
Zügel M, Maganaris C, Wilke J et al. (2018). Fascial tissue research in sports medicine — 2nd International CONNECT Consensus Statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(23), 1497. PubMed
Ajimsha MS, Shenoy PD, Al-Mudahka NR et al. (2022). Systematic review of in-vivo myofascial force transfer evidence in humans. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 32, 110–121. PubMed

Fascial Manipulation — Clinical Research 6 papers

RCTs, systematic reviews, and imaging studies evaluating the Stecco Fascial Manipulation method directly.

Arumugam A et al. (2021). Systematic review of fascial manipulation effectiveness for musculoskeletal pain and disability. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 28, 307–317. PubMed
Menon RG, Oswald SF, Raghavan P, Regatte RR, Stecco A (2020). T1ρ-mapping for musculoskeletal pain diagnosis: quantification of fascial water-bound glycosaminoglycans before and after Fascial Manipulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 708. PubMed
Day JA, Stecco C, Stecco A (2009). Application of Fascial Manipulation technique in chronic shoulder pain — pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 13(2), 128–135. PubMed
Poojari S, Kamani NC, Prabu Raja G. Fascial Manipulation applied to the upper quarter region for chronic shoulder pain — pretest-posttest study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. PubMed
Stecco A, Bonaldi L, Fontanella CG, Stecco C, Pirri C (2023). Mechanical stress, hyaluronan fragmentation, and the inflammatory cascade. Life, 13(12), 2277. PubMed
Guarda-Nardini L, Stecco A, Stecco C, Masiero S, Manfredini D (2012). Fascial Manipulation versus botulinum toxin injections for myofascial jaw pain — RCT. CRANIO, 30(2), 95–102. PubMed

Spinal Manipulation & Neurophysiology 14 papers

The neurophysiological mechanisms of joint manipulation — from spindle afferent discharge to supraspinal pain modulation — and arthrogenic muscle inhibition across multiple joints.

Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, Robinson ME, George SZ (2009). The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: a comprehensive model. Manual Therapy, 14(5), 531–538. PubMed
Pickar JG (2002). Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation. The Spine Journal, 2(5), 357–371. PubMed
Clark BC, Goss DA Jr, Walkowski S, Hoffman RL, Ross A, Thomas JS (2011). Neurophysiologic effects of spinal manipulation in patients with chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 12, 170. PubMed
Lima CR, Sozio RS, Law AC et al. (2021). Paraspinal muscle spindle responses to a high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative stimulus — comparison of thrust magnitudes and durations. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 44(5), 363–371. PubMed
Millan M, Leboeuf-Yde C, Budgell B, Amorim MA (2012). The effect of spinal manipulative therapy on experimentally induced pain — systematic review. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 20, 26. PubMed
Bond BM, Kinslow CD, Yoder AW, Liu W (2020). Effect of spinal manipulative therapy on mechanical pain sensitivity in chronic non-specific low back pain — pilot RCT. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 28(1), 15–27. PubMed
Younes M, Nowakowski K, Didier-Laurent B, Gombert M, Cottin F (2017). Effect of spinal manipulative treatment on cardiovascular autonomic control in acute low back pain — RCT. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 25, 33. PubMed
Alanazi MS, Degenhardt B, Kelley-Franklin G et al. (2025). Neuromuscular effects of high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation — narrative overview of 136 studies. Medicina, 61, 187. PubMed
Vining R, Onifer SM, Twist E et al. (2022). Chiropractic care and thoracolumbar fascia shear strain — feasibility and pilot study. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 30, 34. PubMed
Rice DA, McNair PJ (2010). Quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition — neural mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40(3), 250–266. PubMed
Rice DA, McNair PJ, Lewis GN, Dalbeth N (2014). Quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition — effects of experimental knee joint effusion on motor cortex excitability. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 16(6), 502. PubMed
Freeman S, Mascia A, McGill S (2013). Arthrogenic neuromusculature inhibition — foundational investigation in the hip joint. Clinical Biomechanics, 28(2), 171–177. PubMed
Stackhouse SK, Eisennagel A, Eisennagel J et al. (2013). Experimental pain inhibits infraspinatus activation during isometric external rotation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 22(4), 478–484. PubMed
McVey ED, Palmieri RM, Docherty CL, Zinder SM, Ingersoll CD (2005). Arthrogenic muscle inhibition in the leg muscles of subjects with functional ankle instability. Foot & Ankle International, 26(12), 1055–1061. PubMed

Breathing & the Nervous System 13 papers

Research on respiratory mechanics, the diaphragm's role in postural and pain systems, the physiology of CO₂, and how breathing rhythm coordinates brain function.

Kocjan J, Adamek M, Gzik-Zroska B, Czyżewski D, Rydel M (2017). Network of dependencies between the diaphragm and other body systems. Advances in Respiratory Medicine, 85(5), 278–289. PubMed
Han J, Park S, Kim Y, Choi Y, Lyu H (2016). Forward head posture and reduced pulmonary function — cross-sectional study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(6), 1785–1788. PubMed
Koseki T, Sudo T, Hayashi S (2019). Effect of forward head posture on thoracic shape and respiratory function. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 31(1), 63–68. PubMed
Tatsios PI, Grammatopoulou E, Dimitriadis Z, Koumantakis GA (2025). Cervical spine manual therapy plus diaphragm training for chronic neck pain — RCT. Healthcare, 13(7), 773. PubMed
Babina R, Modi PK, Abhijit G (2016). Diaphragmatic breathing combined with back care exercises for chronic low back pain — RCT. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 29(4), 849–854. PubMed
Finta R, Nagy E, Bender T (2018). Diaphragm training for chronic low back pain — RCT. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 3071–3082. PubMed
Gilbert C (1999). Hyperventilation and the body — clinical review. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 7(4), 227–237. PubMed
Ritz T, Meuret AE, Bhaskara L, Petersen S (2013). Respiratory muscle tension and anxiety sensitivity — hyperventilation in high-anxious individuals. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(2), 187–197. PubMed
Russo MA, Santarelli DM, O'Rourke D (2017). The physiological effects of slow breathing in healthy humans. Breathe, 13(4), 298–309. PubMed
Gerritsen RJS, Band GPH (2018). Breath of life — vagal nerve stimulation via slow breathing in contemplative practices. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 397. PubMed
Perl O, Roth Y, Shabi M et al. (2019). Human non-olfactory cognition phase-locked with inhalation. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(5), 501–512. PubMed
Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Joseph AA, Merboldt K-D et al. (2015). Inspiration is the major regulator of human CSF flow. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(6), 2485–2491. PubMed
Tort ABL, Laplagne DA, Draguhn A, Gonzalez J (2025). Breathing coordinates brain rhythms across species and scales — comprehensive review. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 26(5), 333–353. PubMed

Neck, Headache & Dizziness 14 papers

Anatomical, neurophysiological, and clinical evidence linking the cervical spine to headache, dizziness, and cranial symptoms — and research supporting manual and exercise approaches.

Hack GD, Koritzer RT, Robinson WL, Hallgren RC, Greenman PE (1995). Anatomical relation between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane — myodural bridge. Spine, 20(23), 2484–2486. PubMed
Natale G, Condino S, Stecco A et al. (2015). Fascial layers of the neck — cadaveric classification. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 37(9), 1071–1085. PubMed
Chaibi A, Russell MB (2012). Manual therapies for cervicogenic headache — systematic review. Journal of Headache and Pain, 13(5), 351–359. PubMed
Racicki S, Gerwin S, DiClaudio S, Reinmann S, Donaldson M (2013). Conservative physical therapy management for cervicogenic headache — systematic review. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 21(2), 113–124. PubMed
Jull G, Trott P, Potter H et al. (2002). A randomised controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine, 27(17), 1835–1843. PubMed
Jull GA, Falla D, Vicenzino B, Hodges PW (2009). The effect of therapeutic exercise on activation of the deep cervical flexor muscles — RCT. Manual Therapy, 14(5), 519–530. PubMed
Young IA, Michener LA, Cleland JA et al. (2009). Manual therapy, exercise, and traction for cervical radiculopathy — RCT. Physical Therapy, 89(7), 632–642. PubMed
Blanpied PR, Gross AR, Elliott JM et al. (2017). Neck Pain: Revision 2017 — Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 47(7), A1–A83. PubMed
Espí-López GV, Gómez-Conesa A, Arnal Gómez A et al. (2014). Treatment of tension-type headache with manual therapy — double-blind RCT. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 18(3), 403–411. PubMed
Repiso-Guardeño A, Moreno-Morales N, Armenta-Pendón MA et al. (2023). Physical therapy interventions for tension-type headache — systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2008. PubMed
Pensri C, Liang Z, Treleaven J, Jull G, Thomas L (2025). Cervical musculoskeletal impairments in migraine and tension-type headache — SR/meta-analysis of 77 studies. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 75, 103220. PubMed
Rist PM, Hernandez A, Bernstein C et al. (2019). Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for migraine — systematic review and meta-analysis. Headache, 59(4), 532–542. PubMed
Trager RJ, Daniels CJ, Hawk C et al. (2026). Chiropractic clinical practice guideline for cervicogenic headache and tension-type headache. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 32(1), 14–26. PubMed
Amons AL, Castien RF, De Hertogh W et al. (2026). Manual therapy as prophylactic treatment for migraine with concurrent neck pain — RCT. Archives of Physiotherapy, 16, 7. PubMed

Low Back & Lumbar Spine 12 papers

Foundational research on the thoracolumbar fascia, disc biology, facet and sacroiliac joint pain, and the evidence base for exercise and manual therapy in low back pain.

Willard FH, Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Danneels L, Schleip R (2012). The thoracolumbar fascia — anatomy, function and clinical considerations. Journal of Anatomy, 221(6), 507–536. PubMed
Barker PJ, Briggs CA, Bogeski G (2004). Tensile transmission across the lumbar fasciae in unembalmed cadavers. Spine, 29(2), 129–138. PubMed
Barker PJ, Briggs CA (1999). Attachments of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Spine, 24(17), 1757–1764. PubMed
Vleeming A, Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Stoeckart R et al. (1995). The role of the sacrotuberous ligament in force closure of the sacroiliac joint. Spine, 20(18), 2035–2045. PubMed
Vleeming A, Volkers AC, Snijders CJ, Stoeckart R (1989). Relation between form and function in the sacroiliac joint. Spine, 14(2), 161–163. PubMed
Hodges PW, Richardson CA (1996). Inefficient muscular stabilisation of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain — transversus abdominis timing. Spine, 21(22), 2640–2650. PubMed
Brinjikji W, Luetmer PH, Comstock B et al. (2015). Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 36(4), 811–816. PubMed
Zhong M, Liu JT, Jiang H et al. (2017). Incidence of spontaneous resorption of lumbar disc herniation — systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Physician, 20(1), E45–E52. PubMed
Zeng Z, Qin J, Guo L, Yuan W, Liu H (2024). Predictive factors for spontaneous resorption of lumbar disc herniation. Spine Surgery and Related Research, 8(4), 369–377. PubMed
Cohen SP, Raja SN (2007). Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. Anesthesiology, 106(3), 591–614. PubMed
Sembrano JN, Polly DW (2009). How often is low back pain not coming from the back? Sacroiliac joint pain prevalence. Spine, 34(1), E27–E32. PubMed
Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Koes BW (2005). Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain — Cochrane systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005(3), CD000335. PubMed

Shoulder 10 papers

Research on rotator cuff tendinopathy, subacromial bursa biology, impingement, biceps pathology, and the kinetic chain contribution to shoulder pain.

Lewis JS (2009). Rotator cuff tendinopathy — a continuum model. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(4), 236–241. PubMed
Desmeules F, Roy JS, Lafrance S et al. (2025). Rotator cuff tendinopathy — clinical practice guideline. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 55(4), CPG1–CPG56. PubMed
Kennedy MS, Nicholson HD, Woodley SJ (2017). Clinical anatomy of the subacromial and related shoulder bursae. Clinical Anatomy, 30(2), 213–226. PubMed
Klatte-Schulz F, Thiele K, Scheibel M et al. (2022). Subacromial bursa as a mesenchymal stem cell niche. Cells, 11(3), 424. PubMed
Streit JJ, Shishani Y, Rodgers M, Gobezie R (2015). Histopathology of the long head of biceps tendon — tendinosis predominates. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, 75–80. PubMed
Hanchard NCA, Lenza M, Handoll HHG, Takwoingi Y (2013). Physical tests for shoulder impingement and local lesions — Cochrane systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(9). PubMed
Chu SK, Press JM (2016). Kinetic chain exercises for shoulder and elbow in throwing athletes. PM&R, 8(3 Suppl), S68–S79. PubMed
Marshall BP, Ashinsky BG, Ferrer XE et al. (2024). Subacromial bursa modulates tendon healing after rotator cuff repair. Science Translational Medicine, 16(745). PubMed
Klatte-Schulz F, Bormann N, Bonell A et al. (2024). Pro-resolving mediators in subacromial bursa tissue in rotator cuff disease. Cells, 13(3), 238. PubMed
Yuksel E, Yesilyaprak SS (2024). Scapular stabilisation exercises for subacromial pain syndrome and scapular dyskinesis — RCT. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 38, 89–96. PubMed

Elbow, Wrist & Hand 12 papers

Landmark RCTs and clinical practice guidelines for lateral epicondylalgia, cubital tunnel syndrome, carpal tunnel, de Quervain's, thumb CMC osteoarthritis, and trigger finger.

Bisset L, Beller E, Jull G, Brooks P, Darnell R, Vicenzino B (2006). Physiotherapy vs corticosteroid injection for tennis elbow — landmark Australian RCT with 12-month follow-up. BMJ, 333(7575), 939. PubMed
Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B (2009). A new integrative model of lateral epicondylalgia — local tendon, central sensitisation, and motor impairment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(4), 252–258. PubMed
Lucado AM, Day JM, Vincent JI et al. (2022). Lateral elbow pain and muscle function impairments — clinical practice guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 52(12), CPG1–CPG111. PubMed
Hoogvliet P, Randsdorp MS, Dingemanse R, Koes BW, Huisstede BMA (2013). Exercise therapy and mobilisation for lateral and medial epicondylitis — systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(17), 1112–1119. PubMed
Konarski W, Poboży T, Poboży K et al. (2023). Medial epicondylitis — clinical overview and conservative management. Orthopedic Reviews, 15. PubMed
Wolny T, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Buczek T et al. (2022). Physiotherapy for cubital tunnel syndrome — systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1698. PubMed
Anderson D, Woods B, Abubakar T et al. (2022). Cubital tunnel syndrome — comprehensive review. Orthopedic Reviews, 14. PubMed
Erickson M, Lawrence M, Stegink Jansen CW et al. (2019). Carpal tunnel syndrome — clinical practice guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 49(5), CPG1–CPG85. PubMed
Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Cleland J, Palacios-Ceña M et al. (2017). Manual therapy versus surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome — RCT with 1-year follow-up. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 47(3), 151–161. PubMed
Challoumas D, Ramasubbu R, Rooney E et al. (2023). Treatment of de Quervain tenosynovitis — systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 6(1), e2247833. PubMed
Villafañe JH, Cleland JA, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C (2013). The effectiveness of a multimodal manual therapy program for thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis — RCT. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(4), 204–213. PubMed
Karanasios S, Mertyri D, Karydis F, Gioftsos G (2024). Exercise-based interventions for thumb CMC osteoarthritis — systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare, 12(6), 660. PubMed

Hip 6 papers

Research on gluteal tendinopathy, femoroacetabular impingement, proximal hamstring tendinopathy, and the deep gluteal space — including the landmark LEAP trial.

Mellor R, Bennell K, Grimaldi A et al. (2018). LEAP trial — education and exercise versus corticosteroid injection for gluteal tendinopathy — RCT. BMJ, 361, k1662. PubMed
Grimaldi A, Fearon A (2015). Gluteal tendinopathy — compression as the primary pathomechanism. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 45(11), 816–828. PubMed
Griffin DR, Dickenson EJ, O'Donnell J et al. (2016). The Warwick Agreement on femoroacetabular impingement syndrome — international multidisciplinary consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(19), 1169–1176. PubMed
Rich A, Cook J, Hahne A, Ford J (2025). A structured 5-stage physiotherapy protocol for proximal hamstring tendinopathy. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 20(2), 301–315. PubMed
Park MS et al. (2020). Deep gluteal syndrome as a cause of posterior hip pain and sciatica-like symptoms. The Bone & Joint Journal, 102-B(5), 556–567. PubMed
Vleeming A, Schuenke M (2019). Form and force closure of the sacroiliac joints — principles of pelvic stability. PM&R, 11(Suppl 1), S24–S31. PubMed

Knee 5 papers

Evidence on patellofemoral pain, iliotibial band syndrome, and patellar tendinopathy — including CPGs, the ITB compression reframe, and the hip's role in knee loading.

Fairclough J, Hayashi K, Toumi H et al. (2006). The functional anatomy of the ITB — fat pad compression, not friction. Journal of Anatomy, 208(3), 309–316. PubMed
Powers CM (2010). The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury — commentary. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40(2), 42–51. PubMed
Willy RW, Hoglund LT, Barton CJ et al. (2019). Patellofemoral pain — clinical practice guideline. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 49(9), CPG1–CPG95. PubMed
Malliaras P, Cook J, Purdam C, Rio E (2015). Patellar tendinopathy — clinical diagnosis, load management, and advice. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 45(11), 887–898. PubMed
Ming Z, Dong G, Luo L, Yuan L, Li Y (2025). Myofascial release combined with hip strengthening for ITBS — preliminary double-blind RCT. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 90, 103274. PubMed

Foot & Ankle 7 papers

Research on plantar fasciopathy, tendinopathy continuum, chronic ankle instability, tibialis posterior tendinopathy, and the kinematic consequences of hallux limitus.

Stecco C, Corradin M, Macchi V et al. (2013). Plantar fascia anatomy — proprioceptive role and Achilles-plantar coupling. Journal of Anatomy, 223(6), 665–676. PubMed
Cook JL, Purdam CR (2009). Is tendon pathology a continuum? A model to explain the response to load. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(6), 409–416. PubMed
Xue X, Ma T, Li Q, Song Y, Hua Y (2021). Proprioception deficits in chronic ankle instability — systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(6), 649–660. PubMed
Deu RS, Coslick AM, Dreher G (2022). Posterior tibial tendinopathy and related foot tendinopathies. American Family Physician, 106(3), 271–278. PubMed
Kalichman L et al. (2016). Long-term impact of ankle sprains on postural control and fascial densification. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 20(4), 861–866. PubMed
Maceira E, Monteagudo M (2014). Functional hallux limitus and the first ray kinetics. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 7(3), 221–235. PubMed
Viehöfer AF, Vich M, Wirth SH, Espinosa N, Camenzind RS (2019). Mechanical interdependence of Achilles tendon and plantar fascia — cadaveric study. Foot & Ankle International, 40(9), 1036–1044. PubMed

Thoracic Spine, Thoracic Outlet & Jaw 8 papers

Research on costotransverse and costovertebral joint pain, thoracic outlet syndrome (neurogenic and vascular), and temporomandibular disorders — including RCT and CPG evidence.

Arroyo JF, Jolliet P, Junod AF (1992). Costovertebral joint dysfunction — atypical chest pain often misattributed to cardiac causes. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 68(802), 655–659. PubMed
Zaruba RA, Wilson E (2017). Impairment-based physical therapy for costochondritis — retrospective case series. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(3), 460–471. PubMed
Watson LA, Pizzari T, Balster S (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome — conservative management masterclass. Manual Therapy, 15(4), 305–314. PubMed
Nito T, Satake H, Tsuchiya M et al. (2025). Scalene triangle anatomy and thoracic outlet risk in 42 cadavers. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 26(1), 189. PubMed
Ahmed AS, Graf AR, Karzon AL et al. (2022). Pectoralis minor syndrome — comprehensive review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques, 2(3), 227–234. PubMed
Cuenca-Martínez F, Herranz-Gómez A, Madroñero-Miguel B et al. (2020). Cervical spine features in temporomandibular disorders — systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(6), 1641. PubMed
Sekito F, Pintucci M, Pirri C et al. (2022). Fascial Manipulation versus conventional treatment for temporomandibular disorders — RCT. Bioengineering, 9(10), 535. PubMed
Busse JW, Casassus R, Carrasco-Labra A et al. (2023). Chronic temporomandibular pain — BMJ clinical practice guideline. BMJ, 382, e076227. PubMed

Sedentary Health 4 papers

Research on the metabolic and musculoskeletal consequences of prolonged sitting — and what actually works to interrupt sedentary behaviour.

Buffey AJ, Herring MP, Langley CK, Donnelly AE, Carson BP (2022). Interrupting prolonged sitting with standing or walking breaks — systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(8), 1765–1787. PubMed
Gao Y, Deng B, Shao Y et al. (2024). Three-minute sedentary breaks versus a single 30-minute walk — 4-arm crossover RCT. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 34(3), e14583. PubMed
Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW (2025). Overlooked physiological principles in sedentary break interventions. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 16, 1578478. PubMed
Pesola AJ, Pekkonen M, Finni T (2025). Wearable EMG for monitoring and managing sedentary behaviour — perspective. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 53(1), 21–29. PubMed

About this library: This page lists peer-reviewed papers cited across the Elevate Health Care website. Each PubMed link opens the abstract directly on the National Library of Medicine website. Inclusion of a paper does not constitute an endorsement of every conclusion drawn by its authors; papers are cited in the context of the specific claims made on our conditions pages and blog posts. This page is updated periodically as new research is indexed.

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